Vegetarianism is the Better Choice Essay -- Diet Vegetarian

The trend of abstaining from eating meat and other animal products is a rapidly growing one. According to David Bender in Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints, â€Å"Today, nearly twenty million Americans are vegetarians, and many more have greatly reduced their meat consumption† (139). One meat-eating person may ponder why these non-meat eaters would deprive themselves of the wonderful taste of meat and animal products. Another concern is over nutrition, mainly protein intake. Many meat eaters believe that a vegetarian diet does not and cannot supply the protein necessary for the body to function properly. There are many misconceptions (like the one above) and unknown facts associated with the vegetarian lifestyle. This essay will deal with the issue of nutrition and reveal the truth about how the vegetarian diet can improve one’s well being by, making weigh loss easier, boosting the level of energy one feels on a day to day basis, reducing the risks of Atheseriousis, can cer, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, and heart disease. There are also many unknown facts associated with the vegetarian way of life. One of which is the great role vegetarians play in reducing the amount of waste in the environment. What this statement means is that by not eating meat one is promoting the use of farmland for food for humans instead of farmland for grazing animals (this greatly reduces water usage and waste; it also cuts down on the acreage of farm land used.) Water usage will become an increasing problem if more people do not find and implement water conservation methods. According to data taken from John Robbins in Diet for a New America, if something is not done, the water in the Texas aquifers will be exhausted in less than thirty-five years (1). For reasons that will become clearer after reading this essay, vegetarianism seems to be an answer to the problem of water usage. With the increasing amount of land being used for farming to mainly feed animals used for food by us, comes increased soil erosion and leeching. Leeching is a term used to describe the process of the loss of nutrients from the soil, and the end result is sand that cannot support plant life. Vegetarians help to reduce the amount of farmlands needed to support animals. According to Robbins, in Diet for a New America, â€Å"Since 1967, the rate of deforestation in the U.S. has been one acre every five second... ...nd most veal calves are subjected to confinement so severe that they cannot even turn around† (134). The purpose for this treatment is so the animals expend as little energy (in the form of calories) as possible so that the animal gains weight substantially quicker. The raising of other â€Å"food animals† is quite similar to the treatment that pigs and veal receive. â€Å"Food animals† are often fed contaminated food, which poisons them and their meat. Dangerous heavy metals build up in manure, bones, and internal organs, such as kidneys and livers, and are then recycled back through livestock as feed. The diseased organisms that survive in animal tissue processed into feed can infect the livestock and inevitably infect us as well. When one considers the serious health risks of a meat and dairy based diet, the environmental devastation caused by animal agriculture, the huge waste of resources in a world faced with chronic human starvation, and the violence to and suffering of billions of animals the switch to vegetarianism makes perfect sense. Even if one is not willing to completely give up meat, just eating meat at less often will make a difference in ones health, and the environment.

Strategic Management and Stakeholder Significance Grid

Business Strategy- ASSIGNMENT #1. Outcome| Evidence for the criteria| Detail criteria| Check| Understand the process of strategic planningLO1| 1. 1. Explain strategic contexts and terminology – missions, visions, objectives, goals, core competenciesChapter 1| Role of strategy | | | | Missions | | | | Visions | | | | Strategic intent | | | | Objectives goals | | | | Core competencies | | | | Strategic architecture | | | | Strategic control| | | 1. 2. Review the issues involved in strategic planningChapter 6| Impact on managers | | | | Targets | | | When to plan | | | | Who should be involved | | | | Role of planning| | | 1. 3. Explain different planning techniquesChapter 6| BCG growth-share matrix| | | | Directional policy matrices| | | | Space| | | | PIMS| | Be able to formulate a new strategyLO2| 2. 1. Produce an organisational audit for a given organisationChapter 3| Benchmarking | | | | Swot analysis | | | | Product positions | | | | Value-chain analysis | | | | Demographic influences | | | | Scenario planning | | | | Synergy culture and values. | | | 2. 2.Carry out an environmental audit for a given organisationChapter 2| PESTEL| | | Political | | | | Economic | | | | Socio-cultural | | | | Technological | | | | Environmental | | | | Legal | | | | Porter's 5 force| | | The threat of new entrants | | | | The power of buyers | | | | The power of suppliers | | | | The threat of substitutes | | | | Competitive rivalry | | | | Collaboration| | | 2. 3. Explain the significance of stakeholder analysisChapter 1| Stakeholder significance grid | | | | Stakeholder mapping| | Merit and Distinction: Criteria 1. : future direction of the competition, needs of customers, gaining and maintaining competitive advantage, Ansoffs growth-vector matrix, portfolio analysis. Criteria 1. 2: informal planning, top-down planning, bottom-up planning, behavioural approaches. Criteria 2. 1: the Ansoff matrix, growth, stability, profitability, efficiency, market leadership, surviv al, mergers and acquisitions, expansion into the global market place. Business Strategy- ASSIGNMENT #1 (S04) Outcome| Evidence for the criteria| Detail criteria| Check| Analyze how the business environment is considered in strategy formulationLO1| 1. . Define the context of business strategyChapter 1| Role of strategy | | | | Missions | | | | Visions | | | | Strategic intent | | | | Objectives goals | | | | Core competencies | | | | Strategic architecture | | | | Strategic control| | | 1. 2. Explain the significance of stakeholder analysisChapter 1| Stakeholder significance grid | | | | Stakeholder mapping | | | 1. 3. Conduct an environmental and organizational audit of a given organizationChapter 2Chapter 3+4+5| Political | | | | Economic | | | | Socio-cultural | | | | Technological | | | Environmental | | | | Legal | | | | The threat of new entrants | | | | The power of buyers | | | | The power of suppliers | | | | The threat of substitutes | | | | Competitive rivalry | | | | Coll aboration| | | | Benchmarking | | | | Swot analysis | | | | Product positions | | | | Value-chain analysis | | | | Demographic influences | | | | Scenario planning | | | | Synergy culture and values. | | | 1. 4. Apply strategic positioning techniques to the analysis of a given organizationChapter 4+5+6| BCG growth-share matrix| | | | Directional policy matrices| | | Space| | | | PIMS| | Understand the process of strategic planningLO2| 2. 1. Demonstrate an ability to think strategicallyChapter 6| Futuredirection of the competition| | | | Needs of customers| | | | Gaining ; maintaining competitive advantage| | | | Ansoffs growth-vector matrix| | | | Portfolio analysis| | | 2. 2. Prepare a strategic plan for a given organisation, based on previous analysisChapter 6+7| Impact on managers | | | | Targets | | | | When to plan | | | | Who should be involved | | | | Role of planning| | | | Planning systems| |

Taxation on Trusts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2242 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Taxation Essay Did you like this example? Taxation on Trusts As we know, a majority of trusts are subject to taxation. There are a number of different trusts, each with a different type of taxation. Of course we know that a trust is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a relationship where a property is held by someone (trustee) for someone else (beneficiary). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Taxation on Trusts" essay for you Create order Trust can be used to protect against creditors, probate, reallocation in divorces, and some tax obligations. A trustee is in charge of making sure that the trustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s taxes are up to date on their payments. The trust document determines the tax purposes of the trust. There are a certain number of tax statements that outline the trust taxation rules. They are as follows: If the trust is a revocable trust, and the grantor is also the beneficiary, then the trust is basically ignored for tax purposes. All income generated by the trust assets is reported on the Form 1040 of the grantor/beneficiary. With some modifications, the taxable income of the trust is calculated in the same manner as an individual. The trust gets to take a tax deduction for the amount of taxable income that is distributed to the trust beneficiaries. The trust pays income tax on the taxable income that is left after the distribution deduction. The beneficiaries report income and pay tax on the distributions of taxable income they received. Regarding taxations on trusts, the general rule carries two exceptions. The first one being that if a grantor has an interest in the said trust, the grantor is responsible for the trust, and not the trustee. These types of trusts are appropriately called grantor type trust. An example of this is when all the income is taxed to the grantor. When this happens, a revocable trust is formed. The other type of exemption is the charitable remainder trust. Charitable contributions are not taxable, but if the beneficiaries receive anything from the charitable remainder trust, then those distributions are taxed. We must look at whether the trusts are simple or complex. A simple trust is a trust that does not allow for any external charitable contributions to be made. It also does not grant any other distributions except the ones that are from the income earned. This income is then are distributed to the beneficiaries of the trust. A simple trust beneficiary will have a personal tax that i s higher, but the trust receives a deduction for the income that is required to be paid out during the tax year. Conversely, a complex trust is just as it sounds: complex. This trust is allowed to make contributions to charity and it is not obligatory to distribute the total amount of income that was accumulated by the trust. Due to this, the complex trust only needs to disperse taxes on the income that stays in the trust. There, however, happen to be small exemptions that apply to each trust which can benefit in the short run. They are $300 for a simple trust, $100 for a complex trust, and $600 for an estate trust. The taxation of trusts is very complex for several reasons. Some of the reasons for this are: beneficiaries most likely have to pay tax on the income the trust gives them; the trust is a taxable entity; trusts are NOT susceptible to double taxation, and therefore any taxable income distributed to the beneficiaries deducts from the trust. Another reason includes that à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“money dispersed to the beneficiaries keeps its character.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  An example of this is if the trust distributes long-term capital gains to the beneficiaries they will list it as a long term capital gain on their returns. A majority of the income that is accumulated by the trust is taxable; however the principal of the trust is not. Capital gains are treated differently than income is. Trusts experience capital losses and gains, and if a trust experiences a capital gain, then the trust is generally taxed as opposed to the beneficiary. If a trust experiences capital losses then tax applied are the ones modeled after individual tax laws. There are a few forms to be filed when dealing with taxation on trusts. These are how income is reported. The form that is required to be filled out by the trustee is form 1041. The trustee has to complete within 3 and a half months after the tax year ends. If the trust has income of 600 dollars or more, it must be filed wi th the IRS. The beneficiary, if an alien, is required to file with the IRS regardless of the value of the trust. Income of the estate is filed with a little differently. Income of the estate is income that has been earned by the decedent, but has not been paid before death. This is reported on the income tax return of the beneficiary who receives the monetary gain. This income is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the income in respect of the decedent (IRD).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If the recipient of the IRD is the estate of the decedent, Form 1041 must also be filed. The deduction for the distributed income comes into play when Schedule B of Form 1041 is completed and reported back to the beneficiary on a Schedule K-1. Examples of IRDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s include interest on bank accounts, wages that have yet to be collected, and declared dividends that have not been collected yet. Returns on taxes for trusts are known as fiduciary tax returns and are filled out on the 1041 IRS form. Frequently, the tax rules that are applied to trusts are the same rules that are applied to individual taxes; however, the calculation is different. To calculate the taxes that are enforced on the trusts, we look at these steps: calculate trust accounting income; calculate the tentative taxable income before subtracting the distribution deduction, which is the amount that the trust can deduct because of the distribution; calculate the distributable net income (DNI) so that the distribution deduction can be calculated and so that tax-free and taxable distributions can be allocated to the beneficiaries; subtract the distribution deduction from the tentative taxable income to determine trust taxable income; calculate trust tax liability; Allocate DNI and the distribution deduction to the beneficiaries to determine the character and the amount of income taxed to each beneficiary. From the final number, one can obtain the amount of money the trust will be taxed. We should know what a DNI is to help us calculate this number. A DNI, distributable net income is the calculation used to allocate income between the beneficiaries of the trust and the trust itself. DNI is used to calculate the restriction on the amount of deductions a trust receives for the distributions to a beneficiary. The DNI calculation is as follows: (Total trust income) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (deductible expenses) + (tax-exempt interest reduced by expenses not allowed in the computation of taxable income and the portion used to make charitable contributions) + (Capital gains IF: Gain is allocated to accounting income; Gain allocated to principal is required to be distributed or is consistently and repeatedly distributed by the trustee; or Gain allocated to principal is paid or set aside for charity) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" capital losses if they enter the calculation of any capital gain distributed. In a simple trust, the DNI is taxed to the beneficiaries after it is apportioned. In a complex trust, DNI may exceed the income that is supposed to be distributed. DNI is looked at an apportioned dollar for dollar to the beneficiaries. An example of this is as follows: In the first year, Barkers Family Trust gained $12,000 in interest on bonds, $5,000 on interest on CDs, and 10,000 on capital gains. The DNI and taxable income for the trust is $15,000 (5,000+10,000). The trusts accounting income is $17,000 (5,000+12,000). Trust is to distribute $5,000 and 25% of the principal to Paul and 25% to John, and 50 percent to Matt. Paul receives $7,500, John receives 2,500 and Matt receives $5,000. The total DNI was 15,000, which was apportioned and distributed to the beneficiaries. From here we will look at certain types taxes based on the incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s classification. The first we will look at is trust accounting income. Usually trusts specify which income is allocated to the principal and what is allocated. To figure this, we must look at the Uniform Principal and Income Act (UPIA). This act, enacted in 1992, made changes to the previous Prudent Investor Act standard. For accounting income, the allocation, based on the UPIA, is included to be: operating income, operating expenses, depreciation of trust assets, interest, dividends, rents and royalties, and taxes on accounting income. Allocation to principal comes from: capital gains and losses, casualty gains and losses and insurance recoveries and taxes on trust principal. Accounting income allows for us to determine the amount that is required to be distributed to the income beneficiary. Let us look at an example. If a trust had one single beneficiary, and the trust principal equaled $100,000, income equaled $10,000, and the trustee fees equaled $2000 dollars. The trusts provisions state that there is a 50% allocation of expenses between principal and income. This means that the income beneficiary receives $9000; ($10,000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ($2000 x 50%)). Trust principal declines to $99,000; ($100,000 $1,000). The next income we look at is the trust tentative taxable income. Trust income that is taxable is usually taxed the same way as individual people are taxed. Some differences include that the trusts do not itemize deductions, and a trust also has a personal exemption which is equal to $300. Trust income is defined as income that is earned from investments. This does not include capital gains. Expenses from trusts include the administration expenses, depreciation, and charitable contributions. An example of this is brought to us by William Spaulding: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A trust has$20,000 of accounting incomeand$10,000 of depreciation. The single income beneficiary o f the trust receives$8000. Because the trust document does not specify an allocation of depreciation, the trust can claim$10,000/$20,000ÃÆ'—$10,000= 1/2 ÃÆ'—$10,000=$5000of depreciation and the income beneficiary can claim the other$5000 of depreciation, so the beneficiary only has to pay tax on the remaining$8000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"$5000= $3000.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Direct expenses for income that is not taxed are not deductible; however indirect expenses (expenses that are spent for maintaining the trust) are usually deductible. We can also look at gross income and capital gain and how these are taxed. Gross income of a trust is taxed like individuals. The tax burden can rely on either the beneficiary or the estate itself. Capital gain is taxed based on the increase being added to the principal. If the gain is administered, the beneficiary is taxed on this. If property that has appreciated in value, and then is transferred to a trust, the gain on the sale of the prop erty is taxed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“at the grantorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tax rate if sold within two years of the transfer.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Losses based on capital gains are allocated to the trust if they exceed the gains. Capital losses are able to be subtracted from the ordinary income. A trust is not allowed to subtract the loss from a sale between related taxpayers. The way propertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth is determined is by the fair market value at the time of the death of the decedent. This is called the basis of property. We must look closer at the deductions that have been mentioned earlier in the paper. Generally, deductions are allowed both to individuals and on fiduciary returns. Some deductions to taxes that are allowed are state, local and real property taxes; estate expenses, and administrative costs. There are also numerous amounts of deductions that are not allowed. The first one is depreciation and depletion. When there is a trust involved, the expenses must be apportion ed between the beneficiary and the trust. Here is an example of that: Stanley receives 50% of the accounting income from the Yelnats Family Trust and the trust retains the other 50%. The income generating property that is held in the trust depreciates $1,000 dollars in year one. The Yelnats Family trust is allowed to deduct 50% of the $1,000, which obviously is 500, while Stanley is allowed to keep it. Charitable deductions are not deductible UNLESS they are paid with current trust income and the agreement for the will and trust has given authority to. Another deduction we will look at is the income distribution deduction. The income distribution deduction states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a trust is allowed to deduct an amount equal to the amount distributed to the income beneficiary.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The formula for this is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“distributions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" tax exempt income, or Distributable net income subtracted by tax exempt income. A quick example of this is that the Goergen trust earns $8,000 in interest on municipal bonds, $6,000 on interest from CDs, and has a $14,000 capital gain. The trustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tax exempt income is $8,000 (interest on municipal bonds). The trust gave out $14,000 to Larry. The income distribution deduction for the trust is $6,000 ($14,000-$8,000). . Works Cited Works Cited Czajkowski, John. Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates. (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. https://www.heritagewealthmgrs.com/wp/Income Taxation of Trusts Estates.pdf. How a Trust Can Cut Taxes.WSJ. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303743604579351230348895194. Spaulding, William C. Taxation of Trusts and Their Beneficiaries., Including 2013 Tax Changes. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. https://thismatter.com/money/tax/trust-taxation.htm. Tax Hikes Hit Trusts Hard, Beneficiaries Pull Money Out.Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleaebeli ng/2013/01/09/tax-hikes-hit-trusts-hard-beneficiaries-pull-money-out/. Trust Taxation Basics | Simple Complex Trusts | IRS Form 1041 | Florida Accounting Firm.Trust Taxation Basics | Simple Complex Trusts | IRS Form 1041 | Florida Accounting Firm. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. https://www.cricpa.com/TaxationofTrusts.aspx?mobile=1.

The Rhetorical Success Of Food Inc. - 1539 Words

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Specifically targeting average, supermarket frequenting, middle class, American consumers, this documentary scrutinizes corporate farming and concludes that the products of such an unwholesome process are undeniably unhealthy, and co nsuming them is not only harmful but also unethical. Filmmaker Robert Kenner contends that the methods currently in practice are dishonest, environmentally hazardous, and abusive to both animals and employees. 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The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, CharactersRead MoreIndra4189 Words   |  17 Pages|Indra Nooyi: | |A Leader and a Woman of Substance | |CEO Rhetorical Analysis | |EXPO E34 | |HES, Fall 2010 | |Prof. Julie Anne McNary | Read MoreBusiness Ethics6288 Words   |  26 Pagespsychological well-being, and explores the fast food industry s corporate influence, including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit. The reason for Spurlock s investigation was the increasing spread of obesity throughout U.S. society, which the Surgeon General has declared epidemic, and the corresponding lawsuit brought against McDonald s on behalf of two overweight girls, who, it was alleged, became obese as a result of eating McDonald s food [Pelman v. McDonald s Corp., 237 F. 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Arnolfini’s Marriage Essay - 527 Words

Arnolfini’s Marriage Jan van Eyck was â€Å"one of the greatest and most influential Flemish painters of altarpieces and portraits of the 1400s† (Hayes). van Eycks paintings often include objects with hidden symbolic meaning. There are several different interpretations of the symbolic meaning concerning his portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his second bride often referred to as â€Å"The Arnolfini Marriage†. Marriage is a sacred union between man and woman. A wedding is one of the most important events in a woman’s life. Often a wedding occurs in the present of the wedding party, family members and friends. During the 1400’s a wedding ceremony was performed in the privacy of the home. van Eyck was hired to paint a portrait of this marriage†¦show more content†¦Arnolfini and his bride are not wearing any shoes. This symbolizes the floor is considered holy ground or the sanctity of marriage (Pioch). Some art historians claim the shoes do not have a symbolic meaning. Do g were considered a symbol of devotion and love so often they were included in portraits of a married couple. van Eyck painted the mirror as a reflection of the witnesses present for the wedding. Which includes â€Å"van Eyck’s own tiny self-portrait† (Pioch). His signature on the painting reads â€Å"Jan van Eyck was present†, this has been interpreted by some historians as an indication that he served as a witness† (Pioch). If the â€Å"Arnolfini’s Marriage† had taken place during the 1900’s it would have been very easy for an artist to include every single detail of the wedding. Because the wedding took place during the 1400’s, all we can do is assume or use our best judgment to interpret the true meaning of each symbol in the portrait. We can all at least agree van Eyck was the artist that painted this portrait. Then again some historians say his brother Hubert was the artist. (Kren) Works Cited Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Mod. Lang. Assn., 1999. Hayes, Rae-Anne and Klein, Amy. â€Å"Arnolfini Portrait Also Known As The Arnolfini Marriage† 13 May 2002. Kren, Emil, and Marx, Daniel. Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife† Web Gallery of Art 13 May 2002.Show MoreRelatedArnolfini Marriage by Jan Van Eyck976 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Arnolfini Marriage† is a very famous painting by Jan Van Eyck painted in the early 15th century, which is in the National Gallery in London. According to the Catalogue of the National Gallery, the painting is just a portrait of the couple Arnolfini that is showing their marriage. Waldemar Januszczak, an author and presenter, believes that this portrait was wrongly named and it should have been called â€Å"the Arnolfini Pregnancy†. Januszczak believes that Mrs. Arnolfini is pregnant and she is dead atRead MoreSymbolism and Multiple Meanings in Jan Van Eycks Wedding Portrait1903 Words   |  8 Pagesthis painting was an official wedding document. Marriages of wealth y people were almost always social events. One of the reasons that you could see this as a legal document is because Jan is so accurate. Jan painted this wedding scene in the 14th century and in the 15th century this painting would not stand in court. Even if it was a contract it would take place at home and without a priest. The Catholic Church discouraged this type of marriage but it wasnt always denied. In the latter middleRead MoreAnalysis of the Opening Theme of Desperate Housewives5479 Words   |  22 Pagesmiddle-class American suburbs, where, since it is made clear on the basis of the events, life is not as harmonious as it seems at the first glimpse. Following the everyday life of the four desperate housewives, topics like success and failure, marriage and family values, revenge, jealousy and of course friendship and neighbourhood are depicted. Moreover, each season reveals a mysterious and often terrible secret like for example murder that, throughout the storyline, could not be hidden under the

Farewell to Arms Free Essays

People often find meaning in their lives by devoting themselves to a certain passion or conviction. In Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, individuals struggle to find meaning and order in an otherwise chaotic and war-torn world. We will write a custom essay sample on Farewell to Arms or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, Frederic Henry, who has little sense of direction or purpose from his demoralization from war, seems to find solace in love, which serves as the conviction Frederic needs to obtain peace and stability. Although his attempts to find order fail and lead to great suffering for him, Frederic ends up maturing greatly, with a better understanding of life. Hemingway uses Frederic’s conflict between his duty as a soldier and his love for Catherine to demonstrate that maturity and true solace come from following a conviction and gracefully accepting the hardships that may follow. Frederic begins the war as a naive and detached young man seeking for a purpose in life to guide him through life’s troubles. He lacks the conviction needed for him to direct his decisions and live a meaningful life; he thus tries to find structure by enrolling in the war. However, since he is an American with little connection to Italy, Frederic does not have a viable reason to feel committed to the Italian army, evident when he says: â€Å"Well, I knew I would not be killed. Not in this war. It did not have anything to do with me† (37). Even the promise of honor and the duties of patriotism mean little to Henry. Frederic voices his opinion of the irrationality of the war rhetoric by saying: â€Å"I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it† (185). Despite the romanticized ideals about the war, Frederic feels that countless people were dying, not in dignity but in futility, and were rewarded with a disregard that is comparable to animals getting slaughtered in stockyards only to be buried right after. Frederic is unwilling to sacrifice for the war, as he feels neither an attachment to the Italian army’s cause nor an interest in the patriotic war rhetoric. Frederic slowly restores the passionate and expressive side of him that was lost from the war; his love for Catherine outweighs his loyalty to the army, enabling him to flee the war and find peace. As he talks with Frederic about the void in their lives of religion, Count Greffi states: â€Å"you are in love. Do not forget that is a religious feeling† (237). True to the Count’s remark, both Frederic and Catherine treat their love with a religious devotion. As a result, Frederic develops a sense of meaning and purpose by isolating himself with Catherine, away from the chaotic and corrupt world around them. He finally finds peace when he separates himself from his chaotic surroundings to follow his desire: â€Å"I was going to forget the war. I had made a separate peace† (243). His newfound sense of purpose is strong enough that Frederic can bring himself to ignore the potential risks of abandoning his military obligation in favor of following his passion. Frederic suffers through great heartbreak by following his desires rather than his moral duty, but through these experiences, he obtains wisdom and an acceptance of life’s tragedies. After Catherine’s tragic death, he acknowledges that â€Å"I haven’t any life at all anymore† (300). Fredric realizes too late that Catherine was mistakenly the only source of order and strength in his life and is truly devastated as a result. But, as he says when talking to the priest about peasants fighting in the Italian army: â€Å"They were beaten to start with. They were beaten when they took them from their farms and put them in the army. That is why the peasant has wisdom, because he is defeated from the start. Put him in power and see how wise he is† (179). Frederic himself believes that enduring hardships leads to a greater wisdom and understanding of the world. As if predicting the tragic end of his relationship, Frederic says: â€Å"If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places† (249). Frederic, through his own suffering, is forced to understand that peace and stability must come from within himself, not from external means such as people or institutions, for the world is cruel and unpredictable. Because of the suffering that ensued from following his conviction, Frederic is able to obtain a wisdom that would be unattainable had he not done so. The love Frederic feels for Catherine outweighs the moral obligation he feels to the Italian army and gives him something to live for. Though he initially suffers from his growing pains, at the end of the story, he is noticeably more mature and accepting of his hardships. Ultimately, Frederic’s love and his military obligation, two of his many solaces to the chaos during the war, serve merely as stepping stones in his search for true meaning in life. How to cite Farewell to Arms, Essay examples

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Activities

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Activities. Answer: Introduction: Definition of terms: Memory is the practice in which information or knowledge is recorded, stored and recalled. For this processing of information or knowledge in memory, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and mammillary bodies of the brain areas are involved. Prospective memory is defined as the type of memory which is going to be delayed to take action in the future and performed on the advent of the most suitable condition for this particular task. Types of prospective memory: event based, time-based and activity based. In the event based prospective memory, exterior signal activates the related memory of the previously created plan. In time based prospective memory, individual aims to execute a task at a definite time or after lapsed time. In activity based prospective task, individuals objective is to perform the task after completion of certain additional task. Out of these three types of prospective memory, the activity-based memory is most important memory in our daily activiti es and in reality, this activity-based memory is least studied (Brewer et al, 2011). Literature review: Kvavilashvili and Ellis (1996), demonstrated the relationship between the activity based and event based memory tasks. They illustrated that, completion of the particular task itself might function as an environmental retrieval signal (event based task) for the activity based task. On the contrary, they made a point that, this completion of one task is less prominent event based signal a compared to the actual environmental interruption. In the past, time and event based prospective memory task has been compared and the relation has been established. In a few of the studies, it has been observed that, event based performance is better than the time based performance for the retrieval process in memory (Einstein McDaniel, 1990; Sellen et al. 1997; Kidder, Park, Hertzog, Morrell, 1997). In event based tasks, some compulsory intermission is placed in the ongoing activities; however these intermissions are not preplanned. Length of these intermissions doesnt affect t he outcome, however reminders for these intermissions, impressively improve the outcome of the task. The outcome of the ongoing activity, gives the person to plan the future activity. Earlier few studies had demonstrated different parameters in the prospective memory studies, like essential processes, significant variables and psychological phenomenon (Einstein McDaniel, 1990; Kliegel,Mackinlay, Jager, 2008; Smith, 2003). In a few studies, spontaneous retrieval of cues (event based task) in the prospective memory task was demonstrated (Einstein McDaniel, 2005; Guynn, 2003; Marsh, Hancock Hicks, 2002; McDaniel Einstein, 2000). Theory: Two theories like preparatory attentional memory processes (PAM) theory and the multiprocess model were established to understand the mechanisms and methods of prospective memory (Smith, 2003; McDaniel Einstein, 2000). PAM theory is specifically based on the memory of targeted or desired task, whereas multiprocess model theory is based on the multiple processes. PAM theory consists of two components viz. first is monitoring process which is related to intention maintenance and second is the utilization of retrospective memory process which distinguish between desired and undesired purpose. In multiporcess theory, prospective memory doesnt solely depends on active monitoring, but memory retrieval occurs spontaneously based on the prominent feature of cue, relationship between cue and target. Research question and justification of the question: Question put forward for the research is: What would be the relationship between perspective memory and event based memory task? Prospective memory is considered as the memory of the upcoming action, also plays important part in routine actions. These activities as a result of the prospective memory, can be simple activities or complex activities. As mentioned earlier, in event based tasks, environmental signal is used as a prompt of the intended activity. For performing future actions in the form of prospective memory, some external signal is required. This external or environmental indication for the implementation of the prospective memory can be assessed by the event based memory tasks. In this scenario, it is necessary to evaluate the relationship between the prospective memory and event based memory task. Hypothesis: As mentioned in the literature review, event based performance is better than the time based performance for the retrieval process in memory (Einstein McDaniel, 1990; Sellen et al. 1997; Kidder, Park, Hertzog, Morrell, 1997). Hence, it has been hypothesized that there can be a parallel relationship between the prospective memory and the event based memory task. Method: Participants: 78 undergraduate psychology students from ACAP (53 female) volunteered to participate in the research experiment (M = 30.39, SD = 9.44 years). All participants were anonymous and consent was implied via submission of the data response sheet. Materials: An Einstein-McDaniel paradigm exercise (Marsh et al., 2002) was administered in tasks 1 and 3 of the experiment, whereby 60 words were presented to participants at a rate of one word every two seconds. Visual stimuli were presented either via a projector screen in the laboratory classroom, or computer monitor. A word memory distractor task was presented between tasks 1 and 3. Participants used paper-based reporting sheets to record their responses to each of the three tasks. For the third task, participants were required to record either the pleasantness of a particular word on a scale of 1 (very unpleasant) to 5 (very pleasant), or record the number of syllables. Data was analysed using SPSS v.21 (2012). A t-test was employed for analysis. Procedure: Students were invited to participate in a prospective memory study comprising 3 tasks. In the first task 60 trials were presented as a continuing task with a single word offered on each trial. The 60 words were presented on-screen to participants. Each word was presented for two seconds. Participants were instructed to make the same single judgment on all trials and manually record a yes-no answer of whether the word represented something living or not on a response sheet. Four prospective cues were embedded in the continuing task at trials 8, 18, 37 and 55. Specifically, participants were instructed that whenever an animal word appeared on the projector screen they should write an asterisk (*) next to the yes or no response to signify they had remembered the intention. The second task required participants to commit to memory a series of emotive words and served as a distractor task within the broader experiment. Participants were given two minutes to remember as many words as possible. In the third task participants were instructed to make one of two judgments on 60 trials, which were presented at the same frequency as the first trial. Participants were requested to look at each word and manually record either the number of syllables or their perceived pleasantness of the word on a response sheet. Prior to the word being presented on-screen, participants received a prompt on the screen to direct the type of judgment to be made: number of syllables? or pleasantness. Four prospective cues were again embedded in the ongoing task at trials 12, 31, 45 and 58. Participants were again instructed that whenever an animal word appeared on the projector screen they should write an asterisk (*) next to their yes or no response to signify they had remembered the intention. Task performance was measured by missed responses indicated by a blank cell on the participants response sheet (i.e., 3 missed responses equated to 3 incorrect answers). Prospective memory was measured by the number of missed prospective memory responses documented on the participants response sheet (i.e., no asterisk next to one animal word equated to one missed PM response). Results: All statistical procedures were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0. Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure that collected data did not violate assumptions and assumptions of normality. No significant outliers were present in the data set. Therefore, the entire data set was deemed to meet the assumptions of normality and an alpha level of .05 was adopted for all analyses. To determine the relationship between the number of judgments made and task performance, a series of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated on all experimental variables. Results revealed that there was a significant relationship between the number of judgments made and the number of ongoing task errors recorded, r = .48, p .05. Similarly, results also revealed a significant relationship between the number of judgments made and the number of prospective memory errors recorded, r = .72, p .05. Discursion: Task 2 : Second task was related to the time based prospective memory task because in this task participants has to remember certain type of words for a specific time period. In this task, participants had to make two judgments i.e. emotive words and number of words. Since these two judgments were closely related in the same task, it was easy for the participants make appropriate judgments. Ongoing task on task 1 and task 3: In ongoing task on task 1 and task 3, participants had to make two different types of judgments. They should give attention to embedded cue and at the same time they should remember the words with animal names also. As these two judgments were different from each other, it was difficult for the participants make proper judgment. In the interval of two seconds, these participants had to give attention to embedded word and at the same word with the animal name. In ongoing task, task 3 is more complex with additional identification of syllables and pleasantness. In task 3, participants had to switch their judgement very frequently and moreover these judgements were unrelated. Hence it was difficult for the participants to make proper judgement in the task 3 and there were more chances of error. Requirement of processing time and reaction time were more for ongoing task 3. In ongoing task more resources and time were utilised for ongoing task, hence les s time had been given to the prospective memory task. Processing requirements of the ongoing task was more and this affected the event based performance. Prospective memory task on task 1 and 3: Prospective memory task 1, was the simplest of all the tasks evaluated in this study. In this task participants had to make one judgement i.e. living or non-living, corresponding to each word. So, in this task participants made very good judgements. Participants had ample amount of time to complete this task and resources required for this task were also very less. In task 3, participants had to make two judgements i.e. syllables or their perceived pleasantness. These two judgements are totally different from each other. In the time interval of two seconds, participants had to go through two prompts on the screen and had to make three different judgments like, number of syllables, pleasantness and unpleasantness. Comparison of task 1 and task 3: As discussed in the previous sections, task 1 is simple and judgement is easy in this task as compared to the more complex task 3. In task 1, participants had to make a decision on only living or non-living, while in task 3, participants had to make three types of judgements like number of syllables, pleasantness and unpleasantness. In task 3, two types of prompts were kept and these prompts distract the participants from their intention and participants spent extra time and sources to make judgments in this task. Hence, participants exhibited better results in the task 1 as compared to the task 3. In the previous studies, it had been established that, in case of more prominent cue in the event based task, there is less significance of the ongoing task to make some conclusion. Thus, processing requirement of the event based task and the ongoing affects each other, both in quantitative and qualitative terms (Brewer et al, 2011). From the results it is evident that there is a more positive correlation between the prospective memory task i.e. event based memory task and the memory retrieval which is measured in terms of judgement in this study. As compared to the prospective memory task, there is less correlation between the ongoing task and the judgement. These results are in line with our hypothesis of parallel relationship between the prospective memory and the event based memory task. References: Brewer, G.A., Marsh, R.L., Clark-Foos, A., Meeks, J.T., Cook, G.I., Hicks, J. L. (2011). A Comparison of Activity-Based to Event-Based Prospective Memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 632640. Einstein, G. O., McDaniel, M. A. (1990). Normal aging and prospective memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 716726. Einstein, G.O., McDaniel, M.A. (2005). Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 286290. Guynn, M.J. (2003). A two-process model of strategic monitoring in event-based prospective memory: Activation/retrieval mode and checking. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 245256. Kidder, D. P., Park, D. C., Hertzog, C., Morrell, R.W. (1997). Prospective memory and aging: The effects of working memory and prospective memory task load. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 93112. Kliegel, M., Mackinlay, R., Jager, T. (2008). Complex prospective memory: Development across the lifespan and the role of task interruption. Developmental Psychology , 44, 612617. Kvavilashvili, L., Ellis, J. (1996). Varieties of intentions: Some distinctions and classifications. In M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein, M. A. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 23 52). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Marsh, R.J., Hancock, T.W., Hicks, J.L. (2002). The demands of an ongoing activity influence the success of event-based prospective memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 604610. McDaniel, M.A, Einstein, G.O. (2000). Strategic and automatic processes in prospective memory retrieval: A multiprocess framework. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, S127S144. Sellen, A. J., Louie, G., Harris, J. E., Wilkins, A. J. (1997). What brings intentions to mind? An in situ study of prospective memory. Memory, 4, 483-507. Smith, R.E. (2003). The cost of remembering to remember in event-based prospective memory: Investigating the capacity demands of delayed intention performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 347361.